Process and apparatus for glass manufacture

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for manufacturing glass includes a furnace. A doghouse of the furnace receives and melts solid-glass forming material using one or more submerged combustion burners. An elongated tank positioned downstream of the doghouse includes a melting chamber, a refining chamber, and a thermal conditioning. The melting chamber has in inlet through which molten glass is received from the doghouse. The refining chamber is positioned downstream of the melting chamber and receives molten glass from the melting chamber. The thermal conditioning chamber is positioned downstream of the refining chamber and receives molten glass from the refining chamber. Additionally, the thermal conditioning chamber delivers molten glass to a glass forming machine.

The present disclosure is directed to melting of glass batch materialsand, more particularly, to a method for melting glass batch materialsusing one or more submerged combustion burners.

BACKGROUND

Silica-based glass, such as soda-lime-silica glass, is prevalent in thecommercial manufacture of glass containers and other articles. Moltenglass used to make such articles is conventionally prepared by meltingand reacting a batch of solid glass-forming materials in a refractorylined elongated tank of a continuously operated glass furnace. Theglass-forming materials are typically introduced into a melting chamberat an upstream end of the tank of the furnace by being deposited onto apool of molten glass already in the melting chamber in the form of aso-called “blanket” and are gradually melted into the pool by thecontinuous application of heat from one or more overhead burners. Theresulting molten glass initially contains an undesirable amount of gasbubbles commonly referred to as seeds or blisters, which need to beremoved. The process of eliminating gas bubbles from molten glass iscalled refining or fining, and is typically accomplished in a refiningchamber downstream of the melting chamber by heating the molten glass toreduce its viscosity and maintaining the molten glass at suchtemperature for a sufficient time for the gas bubbles in the moltenglass to rise to a free surface thereof and escape. Refining of themolten glass is typically performed at temperatures in the range of 1500degrees Celsius to 1600 degrees Celsius.

Submerged combustion is an alternative melting process wherein a mixtureof fuel and an oxidant is fired into the pool of molten glass from belowa free surface thereof. Heat is effectively transferred to the materialbeing melted by the products of combustion, which travel up through themolten glass and, at the same time, violently mix the glass-formingmaterials with the molten glass. The shearing action between the solidglass-forming materials and the molten glass increases the dissolutionrate of the solid materials and allows the melting process to take placeat a relatively low temperature, e.g., about 1200 degrees Celsius. Whenglass is manufactured using a submerged combustion process, theresulting molten glass typically contains a relatively large number ofgas bubbles. Molten glass melted by application of heat from one or moreoverhead or submerged combustion burners will initially contain someamount of gas bubbles (typically carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas bubbles) dueto decomposition of the various glass-forming materials. However, whensubmerged combustion is used to melt the glass-forming materials,additional gas bubbles may be introduced into the molten glass alongwith the by-products of combustion of the fuel and oxidant mixture andalso may be formed as a result of the turbulent action within the moltenglass caused by the submerged combustion processes. The presence of arelatively large number of gas bubbles within the molten glass requiresadditional time to effectively refine the molten glass, which limits thepractical use of submerged combustion in the commercial production ofglass articles.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

A general object of the present disclosure, in accordance with oneaspect of the disclosure, is to provide a process for manufacturingglass wherein a mixture of solid glass-forming materials is meltedrelatively quickly (as compared to conventional melting processes inwhich a blanket of solid glass-forming materials is melted into anunderlying pool of molten glass via one or more overhead burners) andpartially refined within a doghouse by application of heat from one ormore submerged combustion burners. The use of submerged combustionburners allows the mixture of solid glass-forming materials to be meltedin the doghouse at a relatively high temperature, as compared toconventional melting processes, and at sufficiently high temperatures topartially refine the molten glass. In addition, when submergedcombustion burners are used to melt a mixture of solid glass-formingmaterials in the doghouse, the temperature of the resulting partiallyrefined molten glass delivered to the furnace tank will typically behigher than the temperature of molten glass entering the refiningchamber of a conventional commercial glass furnace. As disclosed herein,after the relatively high temperature, partially refined molten glassexits the doghouse, it is delivered to a tank of a conventional glassfurnace where additional refining of the molten glass takes place. Dueto the relatively high temperature of the molten glass entering thetank, and because the molten glass is already at least partially refinedupstream of the tank, the presently disclosed submerged combustionmelting process allows the overall glass melting and refining process tobe completed in less time using less total energy than conventionalcommercial glass manufacturing operations.

The present disclosure embodies a number of aspects that can beimplemented separately from or in combination with each other.

A process for manufacturing glass in accordance with one aspect of thedisclosure includes: (a) providing a mixture of solid glass-formingmaterials, (b) introducing the mixture of solid glass-forming materialsinto a doghouse portion of a furnace located upstream of an elongatedtank, (c) melting the mixture of solid glass-forming raw materials inthe doghouse by application of heat from one or more submergedcombustion burners, (d) producing a foamy molten glass comprisinggreater than 25 vol. % gas bubbles, (e) directing the foamy molten glassfrom the doghouse into an upstream end of the tank, and (f) refining thefoamy molten glass in the tank to produce refined molten glass having onaverage less than 20 seeds per ounce. The mixture of solid glass-formingmaterials comprises at least one fining agent and is melted in thedoghouse at a temperature at or above a fining-onset temperature of theat least one fining agent. The mixture of solid glass-forming materialsmay be melted in the doghouse at a temperature greater than or equal to1350° C., for example, at a temperature in the range of 1350° C. to1550° C. The foamy molten glass exiting the doghouse may be at atemperature in the range of 1450° C. to 1550° C.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided aprocess for manufacturing glass. The process includes: (a) charging amixture of solid glass-forming materials into a doghouse portion of afurnace located upstream of an elongated tank, (b) melting the mixtureof solid glass-forming materials in the doghouse to produce moltenglass, (c) directing the molten glass from the doghouse into an upstreamend of the tank, (d) further melting and refining the molten glass inthe tank, and then (e) discharging the molten glass from the tank. Themixture of solid glass-forming materials comprises less than 20 wt. % ofat least one fining agent and is melted in step (b) at a temperature inthe range of 1350° C. to 1550° C. by application of heat from one ormore floor-mounted submerged combustion burners. The melting step (b)may be performed in less than 3 hours. The molten glass may be meltedand refined in step (d) at temperatures at least 100 degrees Celsiuslower than the initial melting temperatures in the doghouse for lessthan 6 hours. The total duration from the charging step (a) to thedischarging step (e) may be less than 9 hours.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the disclosure there isprovided an apparatus for manufacturing glass. The apparatus includes: adoghouse portion of a furnace and an elongated tank downstream of thedoghouse. The doghouse receives and melts solid glass-forming materialsby application of heat from one or more submerged combustion burners.The tank includes: a melting chamber having an inlet through whichmolten glass is received from the doghouse, a refining chamberdownstream of the melting chamber that receives molten glass from themelting chamber, and a thermal conditioning chamber downstream of therefining chamber that receives molten glass from the refining chamberand delivers the molten glass to a glass forming machine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure, together with additional objects, features, advantagesand aspects thereof, will be best understood from the followingdescription, the appended claims and the accompanying drawing(s), inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a top view of an apparatus for manufacturing glass, inaccordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure,including an elongated tank and a doghouse located upstream of the tankin which glass-forming materials are melted by application of heat fromfloor-mounted submerged combustion burners;

FIG. 2 is a top view of an apparatus for manufacturing glass, inaccordance with another illustrative embodiment of the presentdisclosure, including an elongated tank and a pair of doghouses disposedon opposite sides of an upstream end of the tank;

FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of the doghouse of FIG. 1 ; and

FIG. 4 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 and a temperatureprofile of the apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The presently disclosed apparatus and process for manufacturing glassuses submerged combustion burners to rapidly melt a mixture of solidglass-forming materials known as a “glass batch” in a doghouse upstreamof an elongated tank of a conventional glass furnace. The elongated tankincludes a melting chamber, a refining chamber, and a conditioningchamber known as a forehearth. The glass batch may include a combinationof solid raw materials, e.g. silica (SiO₂), soda ash (Na₂CO₃), andlimestone (CaCO₃), as well as one or more pre-processed or recycledmaterials, e.g., cullet. In some cases, the glass batch may consistessentially of solid raw materials, without addition of anypre-processed or recycled materials. The glass batch also includes oneor more refining agents, i.e., materials that release refining gaseswhen heated above a certain temperature known as a refining-onsettemperature. In some embodiments, the glass batch may include otherminor ingredients, such as colorants and redox agents in amounts lessthan 5 wt. % of the glass batch.

The glass batch is melted in the doghouse by application of heat fromthe submerged combustion burners to produce molten glass. In thedoghouse, the glass batch is heated to a temperature at or above therefining-onset temperature(s) of the one or more refining agents in theglass batch so that a major amount of the refining gas is released intothe molten glass in the doghouse. The resulting molten glass isrelatively foamy and contains a relatively high number of gas bubbles,as compared to molten glass that has been produced in a conventionalcommercial glass manufacturing furnace by application of heat from oneor more overhead burners. The relatively high gas bubble content of thefoamy molten glass may result from the additional gas bubbles introducedinto the molten glass along with the by-products of combustion of thefuel and oxidant mixture supplied to the submerged combustion burnersand/or the turbulent action caused within the molten glass by thesubmerged combustion burners. For example, the foamy molten glassproduced in the doghouse by application of heat from the submergedcombustion burners may comprise about 30 vol. % gas bubbles. On theother hand, molten glass produced in a conventional commercial glassmanufacturing furnace by application of heat from overhead burnersgenerally comprises, by volume, about 5% to about 20% gas bubbles.

However, unlike other glass melting operations, carbon dioxide (CO₂) isnot the primary constituent of the gas bubbles initially present in theresulting foamy molten glass. Because the glass batch is initiallyheated by the submerged combustion burners at or above the fining-onsettemperature of the one or more refining agents in the glass batch, thegas bubbles in the resulting foamy molten glass comprise significantamounts of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and oxygen (O₂) in addition to CO₂. Thismeans that the partial pressure of CO₂ in the gas bubbles is relativelylow, which increases the amount of CO₂ released from the molten glassduring the initial melting step and also decreases the amount ofdissolved gases in the resulting molten glass. As a result, theefficiency of the subsequent refining process is increased due to theincrease in the volume of gas bubbles in the molten glass that can bereabsorbed by the molten glass.

In addition, because the molten glass is heated to a relatively hightemperature, i.e., to a temperature at or above the fining-onsettemperature, at a relatively early stage of the manufacturing process,i.e., prior to entering the tank of the furnace, the resulting moltenglass can be effectively refined in the tank in a relatively shortamount of time and at a relatively low temperature, as compared to thetimes and temperatures typically required to refine molten glassproduced at a lower temperature in a conventional continuously operatedglass furnace. Further, contrary to conventional wisdom, the benefits ofsubmerged combustion can now be realized in combination with continuouscommercial glass manufacturing operations while also decreasing thetotal amount of time required to melt the solid glass-forming materialsand to refine the resulting foamy molten glass.

FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus 10 for manufacturing glass, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The apparatus10 includes a glass batch charger 12, a doghouse 14, and an elongatedtank 16. Glass batch materials are charged or introduced into anupstream end of the doghouse 14 via the glass batch charger 12 andmelted in the doghouse 14 by application of heat from one or moresubmerged combustion burners 18.

The glass batch materials introduced into the doghouse 14 may comprise,by weight, less than 20% of at least one fining agent, including allranges and subranges therebetween. Some examples of suitable finingagents include sulfates, e.g., sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), which decomposesat temperatures in the range of 1100° C. to 1500° C. releasing gases ofsulfur dioxide (SO₂) and/or oxygen (O₂). When the at least one finingagent in the glass batch comprises sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), the sodiumsulfate may be present in the glass batch in an amount ranging between5-15 wt. % of the glass batch. The resulting molten glass is relativelyfoamy and may comprise between 25 vol. % and 35 vol. % gas bubbles,including all ranges and subranges therebetween. The gas bubbles in themolten glass may comprise 5-20 vol. % sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and 5-20 vol.% carbon dioxide (CO₂), including all ranges and subranges between theseranges.

The molten glass produced in the doghouse 14 is directed from thedoghouse 14 into an upstream end of the tank 16. A weir or dam 20 may bepositioned at a downstream end of the doghouse 14 to prevent un-meltedglass-forming materials from entering the tank 16. Bubbles of a fininggas may be introduced into the molten glass flowing out of the doghouse14 into the tank 16 by one or more submerged bubblers. In such case, themolten glass may have a temperature in the range of 1450 degrees Celsiusto 1550 degrees Celsius as it exits the doghouse 14, including allranges and subranges therebetween. The fining gas introduced into themolten glass may comprise sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and may be introducedinto the molten glass in a sufficient amount to reduce the partialpressure of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the gas bubbles.

The tank 16 includes a melting chamber 22, a refining chamber 24, and aconditioning chamber typically referred to as a forehearth 26. Themelting chamber 22 and the refining chamber 24 may be separated by athroat 28, and the refining chamber 24 and the forehearth 26 may beseparated by a waist 30.

The total duration, from charging of the glass batch in the doghouse 14to discharging of the molten glass from the forehearth 26 may be lessthan 9 hours.

Molten glass produced within the doghouse 14 is received in the meltingchamber 22 and flows from an upstream end to a downstream end thereof,toward the throat 28. Heat may be applied to the molten glass in themelting chamber 22, for example, by one or more additional combustionburners 46 (FIG. 4 ) located above a free surface S (FIGS. 3 and 4 ) ofthe glass and directed slightly above or onto the free surface S. Anyremaining un-melted components of the glass batch may be melted in themelting chamber 22, such as any remaining sand grains. Gas bubbles arereleased from the molten glass in the melting chamber 22 as part of aprimary fining process, wherein gas bubbles having diameters of greaterthan about 0.5 mm ascend within the body of molten glass to a freesurface thereof and escape. Gas bubbles having diameters of greater than0.4 mm may be referred to as “blisters,” gas bubbles having diameters inthe range of 0.1-0.4 mm are oftentimes referred to as “seeds,” and gasbubbles having diameters of less than 0.1 mm may be referred to as“micro-seeds.”

The rate at which the gas bubbles are released from the molten glass maybe increased by use of one or more additional refining techniques. Suchtechniques may include: creating a subatmospheric pressure environmentabove the free surface of the body of molten glass, use of a sonic hornto produce ultrasonic vibrations within the molten glass, bubbling aninert gas through the body of molten glass, and stirring the moltenglass.

Secondary fining of the molten glass, also known as “refining” takesplace in the refining chamber 24 and to some extent the waist 30.Refining of the molten glass occurs after all of the relatively largergas bubbles have been released from the molten glass and is accomplishedby allowing the molten glass to cool to a temperature at which theremaining small gas bubbles, i.e., seeds, are absorbed by or dissolvedinto the molten glass. After the molten glass has been refined, themolten glass preferably contains less than 20 seeds per ounce of moltenglass and does not include any gas bubbles having diameters greater than0.3 mm. In some embodiments, the refined molten glass may contain lessthan 10 seeds per ounce of molten glass.

The refined molten glass is directed from the refining chamber 24 to theforehearth 26, where it is thermally conditioned by being cooled to asuitable temperature for forming.

Thereafter, the refined and thermally conditioned molten glass may bedirected to one or more glass forming operations and used to produceglass articles. The composition of the glass articles may include: 65-80wt. % SiO₂, 12-15 wt. % Na₂O, and 9-12 wt. % CaO, including all rangesand subranges between these ranges. Only about 0.1-5.0%, by weight, ofthe at least one fining agent in the glass batch may be retained in thefinal glass composition. For example, the amount of sulfur trioxide(SO₃) retained in the glass may be in the range of 0.1 wt. % to 0.3 wt.%, including all ranges and subranges therebetween.

FIG. 2 illustrates an apparatus 110 for manufacturing glass, inaccordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. Thisembodiment is similar in many respects to the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1 , and like numerals among the embodiments generally designatelike or corresponding elements. Accordingly, the descriptions of theembodiments are incorporated into one another, and description ofsubject matter common to the embodiments generally may not be repeatedhere.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 , two offset doghouses 114 arepositioned on opposite sides of an upstream end of an elongated meltingtank 116. Solid glass batch materials are introduced into an upstreamend of each of the doghouses 114 via separate glass batch chargers 112and melted by application of heat from submerged combustion burners 118.The flow of molten glass within the offset doghouses 114 is transverseto the flow direction of the molten glass flowing from the upstream endto the downstream end of the melting tank 116. Offsetting the doghouses114 from the main melting tank 116 in this way allows the reactivechemistry of the foamy molten glass to calm down to a certain extentprior to entering the melting tank 116, which may help mitigate erosionof the refractory materials in the melting tank 116. The molten glassproduced in the doghouse 114 is directed into a melting chamber 122located at the upstream end of the melting tank 116. Thereafter, themolten glass is directed from the melting chamber 122, through a throat128, into a refining chamber 124, a waist 130, and then a forehearth126.

FIG. 3 illustrates a side sectional view of the doghouse 14 of FIG. 1 .As shown, the doghouse 14 includes a floor 32, a roof 34, and a sidewall36 connecting the floor 32 and the roof 34. The doghouse 14 receivesglass batch materials from the glass batch charger 12, which may includea hopper 38 and a conveyor 40. The conveyor 40 may have an outlet aboveor below a free surface S of the molten glass already in the doghouse14. The conveyor 40 may be a reciprocating pusher-type charger, a screwconveyor, or any other device suitable for charging glass batchmaterials into the doghouse 14 above or below the free surface S of themolten glass already in the doghouse 14.

The submerged combustion burners 18 are mounted in the floor 32 of thedoghouse 14 and may be positioned such that the glass batch entering thedoghouse 14 is immediately exposed to the high-intensity flame(s) andcombustion products generated by the one or more submerged burners 18.This arrangement allows for relatively rapid dissolution of the solidglass batch materials in the molten glass, as compared to conventionalcommercial glass melting furnace, which typically rely solely on burners46 positioned above the free surface S of the molten glass in thedoghouse 14 and the melting tank 22 to melt the blanket of glass batchmaterials overlying the free surface S of the molten glass.

The floor 32, roof 34, and sidewall 36 of the doghouse 14 may be cooledsuch that a solid, frozen layer of glass forms on an interior surface 48thereof during the glass manufacturing process. This solid layer ofglass may help protect the floor 32, roof 34, and sidewall 36 fromcorrosion and wear or erosion, which may result from the formation ofconvection currents or turbulence within the molten glass in thedoghouse 14. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 , the floor 32,roof 34, and sidewall 36 are cooled using water jackets or panels 42having a cooling water channel 44 formed therein through which coolingwater or another liquid coolant can flow. In this arrangement, liquidcoolant can flow through the cooling water channel 44 such that theliquid coolant contacts an exterior surface 50 of the doghouse 14 andtransfers heat away from the interior surface 48 of the doghouse 14.Transferring heat away from the interior surface 48 of the doghouse 14will effectively cool a layer of molten glass disposed along theinterior surface 48 of the doghouse 14 and allow for the formation of asolid, frozen layer of glass on the interior surface 48 of the doghouse14.

FIG. 4 illustrates a side view of the apparatus 10 of FIG. 1 and atemperature profile of the molten glass flowing through the apparatus10. The glass batch materials are introduced into the doghouse 14 viathe glass batch charger 12 and melted in the doghouse 14 by applicationof heat from the submerged combustion burners 18. The molten glassproduced in the doghouse 14 is directed into the melting chamber 22located at the upstream end of the tank 16. Thereafter, the molten glassis directed from the melting chamber 22, through the throat 28, into therefining chamber 24, the waist 30, and then the forehearth 26.

Unlike conventional commercial glass manufacturing operations, themolten glass within the doghouse 14 reaches a higher temperature thanany region within the tank 16, and preferably is heated within thedoghouse 14 to a temperature at or above the fining-onset temperature ofthe fining agent(s) within the glass batch. For example, the solid glassbatch materials and the molten glass may be melted together in thedoghouse 14 at a temperature, T1, in the range of 1350 degrees Celsiusto 1550 degrees Celsius, including all ranges and subrangestherebetween. In some embodiments, the solid glass batch materials andthe molten glass may be melted together in the doghouse 14 at atemperature, T1, in the range of 1450 degrees Celsius to 1550 degreesCelsius, including all ranges and subranges therebetween. Thetemperatures reached in the doghouse 14 of the presently disclosedapparatus 10 are substantially higher than the temperatures reached inthe doghouse of a conventional continuously operated glass furnace,which are typically less than 1200 degrees Celsius.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the temperature ofthe molten glass in the tank 16 may be at least 100 degrees Celsiuslower than the melting temperatures achieved within the doghouse 14. Forexample, the molten glass flowing through the tank 16 may be maintainedat a temperature less than or equal to 1400 degrees Celsius.

The molten glass may gradually cool as it flows through the meltingchamber 22. By the time the molten glass reaches the refining chamber24, the molten glass may have cooled down to a temperature, T2, in therange of 1200 degrees Celsius to 1300 degrees Celsius, including allranges and subranges therebetween. The molten glass may continue to coolas it flows through the refining chamber 24, the waist 30, and theforehearth 26 until the molten glass reaches a suitable temperature forforming, T3, in the range of 1000 degrees Celsius to 1100 degreesCelsius, including all ranges and subranges therebetween.

Using submerged combustion burners 18 within the doghouse 14 allows theglass batch to be rapidly melted and also allows the resulting moltenglass to be heated above the fining-onset temperature of the finingagent(s) in a relatively short period of time, and preferably before theresulting molten glass enters the melting chamber 22. When a glass batchis melted in a conventional continuously operated glass furnace, theresulting molten glass does not reach a maximum temperature until itreaches a relatively hot zone known as a “spring zone” within the tank16, which is generally located within the melting chamber 22. Thetemperature of the spring zone within a melting tank of a conventionalcontinuously operated glass furnace may be in the range of 1600 degreesCelsius to 1650 degrees Celsius.

There thus has been disclosed a glass manufacturing process, that fullysatisfies one or more of the objects and aims previously set forth. Thedisclosure has been presented in conjunction with several illustrativeembodiments, and additional modifications and variations have beendiscussed. Other modifications and variations readily will suggestthemselves to persons of ordinary skill in the art in view of theforegoing discussion. For example, the subject matter of each of theembodiments is hereby incorporated by reference into each of the otherembodiments, for expedience. The disclosure is intended to embrace allsuch modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and broadscope of the appended claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for manufacturing glassincluding: a doghouse of a furnace that receives and melts solidglass-forming materials by application of heat from one or moresubmerged combustion burners; and an elongated tank downstream of thedoghouse including: a melting chamber at an upstream end of theelongated tank having an inlet through which molten glass is receivedfrom the doghouse; a refining chamber downstream of the melting chamberthat receives molten glass from the melting chamber; and a thermalconditioning chamber downstream of the refining chamber that receivesmolten glass from the refining chamber and delivers the molten glass toa glass forming machine; and wherein the one or more submergedcombustion burners raise the temperature of the molten glass in thedoghouse to a melting temperature ranging from 1450° C. to 1550° C. thatis higher than a temperature of the molten glass at any location in theelongated tank and wherein the molten glass flows from the doghousethrough the elongated tank and the molten glass in the elongated tank ismaintained at a temperature less than or equal to 1400° C. and isgradually and continuously cooled to a temperature in the range of 1000°C. to 1100° C. at a downstream end of the elongated tank, thetemperature of the molten glass in the melting chamber cooled to belowthat of the temperature in the doghouse, the temperature of the moltenglass in the refining chamber cooled to below that of the temperature inthe melting chamber and the temperature of the molten glass in thethermal conditioning chamber cooled to below that of the temperature inthe refining chamber.
 2. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, wherein thesolid glass-forming materials are received in the doghouse via asubmerged inlet located below a free surface of the molten glass alreadyin the doghouse.
 3. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, wherein thedoghouse includes a floor, a roof, and a sidewall connecting the floorand the roof, and wherein the floor, roof, and sidewall of the doghouseare liquid-cooled such that a solid layer of glass forms on an interiorsurface thereof during operation of the apparatus.
 4. The apparatus setforth in claim 3, wherein the floor, roof, and sidewall of the doghouseinclude a water-jacket defining a cooling channel through which a liquidcoolant can flow over an exterior surface of the floor, roof, andsidewall of the doghouse to transfer heat away from the interior surfacethereof.
 5. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, wherein the doghouse isoffset from the elongated tank such that molten glass flowing from anupstream end to a downstream end of the doghouse flows in a directiontransverse to the flow of molten glass in the elongated tank.
 6. Theapparatus set forth in claim 1, wherein the doghouse does not includeoverhead combustion burners.
 7. The apparatus set forth in claim 1,wherein the one or more submerged combustion burners are mounted in thefloor of the doghouse.
 8. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, whereinthe doghouse is the only source of molten glass to the elongated tank.9. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, wherein the one or more submergedcombustion burners of the doghouse apply heat to melt the solidglass-forming materials at the melting temperature, and wherein theapparatus further comprises one or more additional burners in therefining chamber which maintain the molten glass in the elongated tankat the temperature less than or equal to 1400° C., and wherein the flowof the molten glass through the elongated chamber gradually andcontinuously cools the molten glass to the temperature in the range of1000° C. to 1100° C. at the downstream end of the elongated tank. 10.The apparatus set forth in claim 1, wherein the doghouse receives thesolid glass-forming materials in the form of a mixture comprising atleast one fining agent in an amount constituting 5-15 wt % of themixture, the solid glass-forming materials received from a glass batchcharger.
 11. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, wherein the moltenglass within the doghouse is heated to the melting temperature, and theflow of the molten glass through the elongated tank cools thetemperature of the molten glass in the refining chamber to a range of1200° C. to 1300° C.
 12. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, furthercomprising a dam positioned at a downstream end of the doghouse beforethe elongated tank.
 13. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, furthercomprising a submerged throat located between the melting chamber andthe refining chamber.
 14. An apparatus for manufacturing glassincluding: one or more doghouses to receive a mixture of solidglass-forming materials and including one or more submerged combustionburners, the one or more doghouses each defining a flow direction; andan elongated tank downstream of a first of the one or more doghousesthat defines a flow direction of the molten glass oriented transverse tothe flow direction of the first doghouse, the elongated tank including:a melting chamber having an inlet in communication with the firstdoghouse; a refining chamber downstream of, and in communication with,the melting chamber, wherein the melting chamber and the refiningchamber are separated by a throat; and a thermal conditioning chamberdownstream of, and in communication with, the refining chamber, whereinthe refining chamber and the thermal conditioning chamber are separatedby a waist; and wherein the apparatus raises the temperature of themolten glass in the one or more doghouses to a melting temperatureranging from 1450° C. to 1550° C. that is higher than a temperature ofthe molten glass at any location in the elongated tank and wherein themolten glass flowing through the elongated tank is maintained at atemperature less than or equal to 1400° C. and is gradually andcontinuously cooled to a temperature in the range of 1000° C. to 1100°C. at a downstream end of the elongated tank, the temperature of themolten glass in the melting chamber cooled to below that of thetemperature in the doghouse, the temperature of the molten glass in therefining chamber cooled to below that of the temperature in the meltingchamber and the temperature of the molten glass in the thermalconditioning chamber cooled to below that of the temperature in therefining chamber.
 15. The apparatus set forth in claim 14, furthercomprising: a second doghouse to receive a mixture of solidglass-forming materials and including one or more submerged combustionburners, the second doghouse defining a flow direction that is alsotransverse to the flow direction defined by the elongated tank.
 16. Theapparatus set forth in claim 15, wherein the first doghouse and thesecond doghouse are positioned on opposite sides of the elongated tank.17. The apparatus set forth in claim 16, wherein the first doghouse andthe second doghouse are opposed on opposite sides of the elongated tanksuch that the flow direction defined by the first doghouse and the flowdirection defined by the second doghouse are aligned.
 18. The apparatusset forth in claim 14, wherein the first doghouse includes a floor, aroof, and a sidewall, and wherein the one or more submerged combustionburners are mounted in the floor.
 19. The apparatus set forth in claim18, wherein the floor, roof, and sidewall of the first doghouse areliquid-cooled.
 20. The apparatus set forth in claim 14, wherein the oneor more doghouses is the only source of molten glass to the elongatedtank.
 21. The apparatus set forth in claim 14, wherein the flow of themolten glass through the elongated tank cools the temperature of themolten glass in the throat to a temperature below that of thetemperature in the melting chamber and cools the temperature of themolten glass in the waist to a temperature below that of the temperaturein the refining chamber.
 22. The apparatus set forth in claim 14,further comprising a dam located between the first of the one or moredoghouses and the elongated tank.